Kidney disease is a silent threat to cats, especially as they age. It creeps in slowly, often going unnoticed until serious damage has occurred. Small, subtle changes like drinking more water or losing weight might be the first signs. When your cat has healthy kidneys, they remove toxins, regulate blood pressure, balance electrolytes, control hydration and calcium levels. They even produce hormones needed for red blood cell production.
But when your cat has kidney disease, it starts to weaken them from the inside. Slowly decrease their kidney functionality, which can lead to kidney failure. It’s become quite impossible for cats to survive without their kidneys. That’s why early care like spotting symptoms, prognosis, and treatment is necessary.
What are the Early Warning Symptoms of Cat Kidney Disease
Kidney damage progresses, and signs become visible after the cat loses two-thirds of its kidney function. At that point, regeneration becomes impossible. The condition turns chronic, known as chronic kidney disease (CKD), chronic renal failure (CRF), or renal insufficiency. This irreversible condition is both weakening and life-threatening. You cannot leave it untreated. The first thing you have to do is find early warning symptoms.
Early Signs of Kidney Disease in Cats
The early signs of kidney disease can be subtle and easy to miss, especially in the initial stages. Here are the key symptoms to watch for:
- Increased Thirst and Urination
One of the first noticeable signs of kidney disease in cats is excessive thirst (polydipsia) and increased urination (polyuria). As the kidneys lose their ability to concentrate urine, cats will drink more water to compensate for the fluid loss. If you notice that your cat is drinking more than usual or having to use the litter box more often, this is an important sign to look out for.
- Reduced Appetite
Cats with kidney disease may lose their appetite (anorexia) or may be picky about eating. This happens because the buildup of waste products in the bloodstream can make your cat feel nauseous. If your cat is eating less or seems disinterested in food, it may be due to kidney problems.
- Weight Loss
Weight loss is another common sign of kidney disease in cats. Even with a normal or reduced food intake, the cat may still lose weight due to poor absorption of nutrients and increased metabolism. Cats with kidney disease often experience muscle loss and a decrease in body fat. If your cat starts losing weight, take them to a veterinarian for a checkup.
- Dehydration
Kidney disease leads to increased urination, which can cause dehydration. Even though your cat may be drinking more water, they may not be retaining enough fluids due to the damaged kidneys. Dehydration in cats can cause symptoms like dry mouth, sunken eyes, and a lack of energy. When you pinch your cat’s skin and it feels loose or “tenting,” this indicates dehydration, which requires early attention.
- Lethargy
Cats with kidney disease often become more tired or lethargic than usual. They may sleep more, show less interest in play, or become less active overall. This is a sign that their body is struggling to cope with the buildup of waste products and dehydration. If your cat is not as playful or energetic as they used to be, kidney disease could be a factor.
In addition to the key symptoms listed above, there are other subtle signs of kidney disease that may appear early on. These include:
- Mild gastrointestinal issues
Cats with kidney disease might experience nausea or mild vomiting. Reduced kidney function often causes toxins to build up in the blood.
- Changes in coat condition
A cat with kidney disease might have a dull or unkempt coat. This is often a result of dehydration and poor nutrient absorption.
- Behavioral changes
Your cat may become more withdrawn, hide more often, or exhibit changes in temperament due to discomfort or feeling unwell.
Why Early Symptoms Matter
Early detection of kidney disease is critical because the condition is progressive. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cats worsens over time. Leaving it untreated can cause kidney failure, which poses a life-threatening risk. The earlier you notice the signs, the sooner you can seek treatment, which can help manage the disease and improve your cat’s quality of life.
What Causes Kidney Problems in Cats
Kidney problems in cats can have many causes. These range from infections to toxins, inherited conditions, and even certain cancers. Below are the common reasons cats develop kidney issues.
- Infections
Bacterial, viral, and fungal infections can damage a cat’s kidneys. These infections cause inflammation, which may lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is one example of a virus that can harm the kidneys.
- Toxins
Certain substances are toxic to cats and can severely damage their kidneys. Antifreeze is one of the most dangerous, even in tiny amounts. Other harmful toxins include some medications, insecticides, and household chemicals. (Also read: 4 Steps to Take If Your Cat Ingest Toxic Food)
- Cancer
Cancer can affect the kidneys directly or spread to them from other parts of the body. Lymphoma, a common type of cancer in cats, often involves the kidneys.
- Inherited Conditions
Some cats are born with genetic issues that affect their kidneys. Polycystic kidney disease causes cysts to form in the kidneys, leading to kidney failure over time. Amyloidosis, though rare, results in protein buildup that damages the kidneys. Persian and Abyssinian cats are more likely to inherit these conditions.
- Idiopathic Nephritis
Inflammation of the kidneys (nephritis) is the leading cause of CKD in cats. Unfortunately, the exact cause of this condition is unknown.
In addition to infections, toxins, cancer, and inherited conditions, other factors can lead to kidney disease in cats.
- Severe Kidney Injuries: Trauma or physical damage to the kidneys can cause long-term problems. This might happen after an accident or a serious fall.
- Stroke-Like Events or Blood Clot Disorders: Blood flow issues, like clots or mini-strokes, can harm kidney tissues and reduce their function.
- Immune System Diseases: In some cases, the immune system mistakenly attacks the kidneys, leading to inflammation and damage.
These causes are less common but still significant. They can worsen kidney problems and make treatment more challenging.
Diagnosis and Treatment for Kidney Disease in Cats
Diagnosing kidney disease in cats involves several tests. Veterinarians assess the severity of kidney damage. They also determine possible causes, and create the best treatment plan. These tests are usually non-invasive and safe for your cat.
Diagnostic Tests for Kidney Disease in Cats
Early diagnosis of kidney failure in cats is key. Prognosis for cats with kidney disease depends on how severe the condition is and how well they respond to treatment. Cats with early-stage kidney disease generally do better than those with advanced disease. However, with the right care, even cats in later stages can live comfortably for a long time. Veterinarians may use several diagnostic procedures to identify kidney disease in cats. Here they are:
- Blood Tests: Blood tests help measure substances like creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA). High levels of these substances often signal kidney problems.
- Urine Testing: Veterinarians test a urine sample to evaluate kidney function. It can show if there are blood cells, which might suggest an infection or inflammation.
- Urine Protein/Creatinine Ratio: This test measures the amount of protein in the urine. High levels of protein suggest kidney disease.
- X-rays (Radiographs): The vet uses X-rays to examine the kidneys’ size and shape. They can also reveal issues like kidney stones or tumors.
- Ultrasound: An ultrasound offers a detailed view of the kidneys. It can detect abnormalities like cysts or tumors.
Each of these tests helps your vet determine the severity of kidney disease and guide the right treatment.
Treatment and Management of Kidney Disease in Cats
Treating kidney disease depends on how severe it is and its causes. Common treatments include special diets, medications, and fluid therapy.
- Special Diets:
Cats with kidney disease often need a special diet. These diets are low in protein, phosphorus, and sodium but high in omega-3 fatty acids. They may also have added potassium and other nutrients to help the kidneys.
- Medications
Your cat might need medication to control symptoms. These could include drugs to lower high blood pressure, help with appetite, or reduce nausea. Veterinarians may prescribe phosphate binders to reduce phosphate levels in the blood.
- Potassium Supplements
Many cats with kidney disease have low potassium levels, leading to weakness and lethargy. Potassium supplements often alleviate these symptoms.
- Fluid Therapy
Hydration is key to managing kidney disease. Veterinarians administer intravenous (IV) fluids when your cat becomes severely dehydrated or develops electrolyte imbalances. At home, you may also give subcutaneous fluids to help maintain hydration.
- Erythropoietin Treatment
Kidney disease can lower erythropoietin, a hormone that helps produce red blood cells. If your cat becomes anemic, a synthetic form of erythropoietin can help stimulate red blood cell production.
Ongoing Care and Monitoring
Managing kidney disease is a long-term process. Regular check-ups, blood tests, and monitoring of blood pressure and urine output are essential. This helps your vet track how well the treatment is working and adjust it as needed.
The goal is to slow the disease’s progression, manage symptoms, and keep your cat comfortable. With proper treatment, many cats can live for several more years with kidney disease.
- More for you: How to Take Proper Care of a Senior Cat
Take Good Care of Your Cat
Kidney disease in cats is a serious condition, but with early diagnosis, proper treatment, and regular monitoring, many cats can live comfortable and happy lives. Regular veterinary check-ups are crucial to detect kidney disease in the early stages. Blood tests and urine samples can reveal kidney problems before symptoms become severe. If caught early,
Remember, your cat depends on you for care and attention. If you notice any signs of illness, such as changes in appetite, drinking habits, or behavior, it’s important to seek veterinary care right away. kidney disease can often be managed with diet changes, medications, and regular monitoring, allowing your cat to live a more comfortable and longer life.